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Unit 2: The Cell A Tour of the Cell Review Notes Med Choi Fill
  1. All organisms are made of cells , which are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic .
     
     
  2. Cells are generally microscopic, which enables them to have a high surface to volume ratio, to facilitate the exchange of materials into and out of the cell.
     
     
  3. All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane, and contain chromosomes , ribosomes , and a semifluid substance called the cytosol .
     
     
  4. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and can be grouped into 2 main types: animal cells and plant cells.
     
     
  5. The nucleus contains most of the genetic material in the cell, and is bounded by a nuclear envelope with many nuclear pores .
     
     
  6. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.
     
     
  7. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is continuous with the nuclear envelope .
       
       
    • Rough ER, which contains ribosomes , produces proteins and membranes .
       
       
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and are involved in lipid synthesis.
     
     
  8. The Golgi apparatus is the cell's "Shipping and Receiving Center".
     
     
  9. The lysosome contains enzymes to carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis (cell eating ), and breaks down damaged organelles by autophagy (self eating ).
     
     
  10. The membrane-bound organelles involved in cellular transport form the endomembrane system.
     
     
  11. Plant cells contain a large central vacuole , which stores organic compounds and water.
     
     
  12. Mitochondria are the cell's "power plant" and perform cellular respiration .
     
     
  13. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae .
     
     
  14. The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers which provides support for the cell, and enables motility .
     
     
  15. Microtubules help maintain cell shape , and guide the movement of cell components.
     
     
  16. Cilia and flagella use microtubules for motion in some cells.
     
     
  17. Microfilaments called actin and myosin are protein filaments that function in cellular motility, such as the contraction in muscle fibers.
     
     
  18. Contraction of actin and myosin filaments , together with sol-gel reversals, also result in amoeboid crawling of a cell through the movements of pseudopodia .
     
     
  19. Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells also involve microfilaments to circulate nutrients among organelles.
     
     
    Review: Animal Cell Structure and Function.   Cell types.
     
     
    Review: Plant Cell Structure and Function.   Differences.